Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: The Interplay Between Ovarian Morphology, Hyperandrogenism, and Metabolic Health

Abstract

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder in reproductive-aged women, often accompanied by metabolic and hormonal abnormalities. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between ovarian characteristics and biochemical markers in women with PCOS through ultrasound and biochemical analysis. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Ziauddin Hospital, Kemari, with 90 women diagnosed with PCOS. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire and provided informed consent. Blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis, including hormone levels (LH, FSH, TSH, insulin, free testosterone, prolactin) and metabolic markers (HOMA-IR, BMI, WHR). Ultrasound examinations assessed ovarian features, such as the number of cysts and ovarian stroma thickness. Based on ultrasound findings, participants were grouped into three categories: Group 1 (normal ovaries), Group 2 (one polycystic ovary), and Group 3 (both polycystic ovaries). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Of the 90 participants, 52.2% had both polycystic ovaries, 13.3% had one polycystic ovary, and 34.4% had normal ovaries. Significant differences were observed in weight (p = 0.001), BMI (p = 0.000), number of cysts (p = 0.000), waist-to-hip ratio (p = 0.001), FSH (p = 0.002), free testosterone (p = 0.000), and prolactin (p = 0.033). Group 3 had the highest weight, BMI, and free testosterone, while Group 1 had the lowest BMI. No significant differences were found in age, height, LH, TSH, insulin, or HOMA-IR. Conclusion: Significant differences in metabolic and hormonal markers were found between groups, indicating potential links between ovarian morphology and metabolic dysfunction in PCOS. These findings offer insights for improving diagnosis and treatment strategies.